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Ro-Ro Ships The roll-on/roll-off ship is one of the most successful types operating today. Its flexibility, ability to integrate with other transport systems and speed of operation have made it extremely popular on many shipping routes. The roll-on/roll-off ship is defined in the November 1995 amendments to Chapter II-1 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974 as being "a passenger ship with ro-ro cargo spaces or special category spaces..." One of the ro-ro ship's most important roles is as a passenger/car ferry, particularly on short sea routes. But despite its commercial success, the ro-ro concept has always had its critics. There have been disturbing accidents involving different types of ro-ro ship, the worst being the sudden and catastrophic capsizing of the passenger/car ferry Herald of Free Enterprise in March 1987 and the even more tragic loss of the Estonia in September 1994. Ro Ro Cargoes “ Roll-trailer ” means a low...

INTERNATIONAL SAFETY MANAGEMENT (ISM) The safety management system (SMS) is an organized system planned and implemented by the shipping companies to ensure safety of the ship and marine environment. SMS is an important aspect of the International safety management (ISM) code and it details all the important policies, practices, and procedures that are to be followed in order to ensure safe functioning of ships at the sea. All commercial vessels are required to establish safe ship management procedures. SMS forms one of the important parts of the ISM code. The safety management system (SMS) therefore ensures that each and every ship comply with the mandatory safety rules and regulations, and follow the codes, guidelines,  and standards recommended by the IMO, classification societies, and concerned maritime organizations. Every safety management policy should satisfy some of the basic functional requirements to ensure safety of every ship. They are: Pr...

CHARTWORK Chartworknumericals are a combination of one or more concepts.So it is necessary to understand these concepts. Position Line (PL) means ship is anywhere on this line. Position circle (PC) means ship is anywhere on this circle. Position fix can be obtained by -       Intersection of 2 or more such PL or PC at the same time. -       Lat/long -       Position can be given by chart datum depth on chart, e.g. 9m . I)            Position Lines(PLs) or Position circles (PCs) can be found by one of the below concepts. The following concepts give a PC                                        1.     HSA( Ѳ )= 90º    ...